Section 1. (a) Findings and Declaration. Research and experimentation in the field of nuclear fission have attained the stage at which the release of atomic energy on a large scale is practical. The significance of the atomic bomb for military purposes is evident. The effect of the use of atomic energy for civilian purposes upon the social, economic, and political structures of today cannot now be determined. It is reasonable to anticipate, however, that tapping this new source of energy will cause profound changes in our present way of life. Accordingly, it is hereby declared to be the policy of the people of the United States that the development and utilization of atomic energy shall be directed toward improving the public welfare, increasing the standard of living, strengthening free competition among private enterprises so far as practicable, and cementing world peace.

(b) Purpose of Act. It is the purpose of this Act to effectuate these policies by providing, among others, for the following major programs; 
(1) A program of assisting and fostering private research and development on a truly independent basis to encourage maximum scientific progress; 
(2) A program for the free dissemination of basic scientific information and for maximum liberality in dissemination of related technical information; 
(3) A program of federally conducted research to assure the Government of adequate scientific and technical accomplishments; 
(4) A program for Government control of the production, ownership, and use of fissionable materials to protect the national security and to insure the broadest possible exploitation of the field;
(5) A program for simultaneous study of the social, political, and economic effects of the utilization of atomic energy; and
(6) A program of administration which will be consistent with international agreements made by the United States, and which will enable the Congress to be currently informed so as to take further legislative action as may hereafter be appropriate.

See. 2. (a) There is hereby established an Atomic Energy Commission (herein called the Commission), which shall be composed of five members. Three members shall constitute a quorum of the Commission. The President shall designate one member as a Chairman of the Commission. 
(b) Members of the Commission shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, and shall serve at the pleasure of the President. In submitting nominations to the Senate, the President shall set forth the experience and qualifications of each person so nominated. Each member, except the Chairman, shall receive com-pensation at the rate of $15,000 per annum; the Chairman shall receive compensation at the rate of 920.000 per annum. No member of the Commission shall engage in any other business, vocation, or employment than that of serving as a member of the Commission. 
(c) The principal office of the Commission shall be in the District of Co-lumbia, but the Commission may exercise any or all of its powers in any place. The Commission shall hold such meetings, conduct such hearings, and receive such reports as will enable it to meet its responsibilities for carrying out the purpose of this Act.

See. 3. (a) Research Assistance. The Commission is directed to exercise its powers in such a manner as to insure the continued conduct of research and developmental activities in the fields specified below by private or public institutions or persons and to assist in the acquisition of an ever-expanding fund of theoretical and practical knowledge in such fields. To this end the Commission is authorized and directed to make contracts, agreements, arrangements, grants-in-aid, and loans

(1) for the conduct of research and developmental activities relating to (a) nuclear processes; (b) the theory and production of atomic energy, including processes and devices related to such production; (c) utilization of fissionable and radioactive materials for medical or health purposes; (d) utilization of fissionable and radioactive materials for all other purposes, including industrial uses; and (e) the protection of health during research and production activities; and

(2) for studies of the social, political, and economic effects of the availability and utilization of atomic energy.

The Commission may make partial advance payments on such contracts and arrangements. Such contracts or other arrangements may contain provisions to protect health, to minimize danger from explosion, and for reporting and inspection of work performed thereunder as the Commission may deter-mine, but shall not contain any provisions or conditions which prevent the dissemination of scientific or technical information, except to the extent al-ready required by the Espionage Act. 
(b) Federal Atomic Research. The Commission is authorized and directed to conduct research and developmental activities through its own fa-cilities in the fields specified in (a) above.
 
 

Sec. 4. (a) Definition. The term "production of fissionable materials" shall include all methods of manufacturing, producing, refining, or processing fissionable materials, including the process of separating fissionable material from other substances in which such material may be contained, whether by thermal diffusion, electromagnetic separation, or other processes. 
(b) Authority to Produce. The Commission shall be the exclusive pro-ducer of fissionable materials, except production incident to research or de-velopmental activities subject to restrictions provided in subparagraph (d) below. The quantities of fissionable material to be produced in any quarter shall be determined by the President. 
(c) Prohibition. It shall be unlawful for any person to produce any fissionable material except as may be incident to the conduct of research or developmental activities. 
(d) Research and Development on Production Processes. (1) The Commission shall establish by regulation such requirements for the reporting of research and developmental activities on the production of fissionable materials as will assure the Commission of full knowledge of all such activities, rates of production, and quantities produced. 
(2) The Commission shall provide for the frequent inspection of all such activities by employees of the Commission. 
(3) No person may in the course of such research or developmental activities possess or operate facilities for the production of fissionable material in quantities or at a rate sufficient to construct a bomb or other military weapon unless all such facilities are the property of and subject to the control of the Commission. The Commission is authorized, to the extent that it deems such action consistent with the purposes of this Act, to enter into contracts for the conduct of such research or developmental activities involving the use of the Commission's facilities. 
(e) Existing Contracts. The Commission is authorized to continue in effect and modify such contracts for the production of fissionable materials as may have been made prior to the effective date of this Act, except that, as rapidly as practicable, and in any event not more than one year after the effective date of this Act, the Commission shall arrange for the exclusive operation of facilities employed in the manufacture of fissionable materials by employees of the Commission.

See. 5. (a)(1) Definition. The term "fissionable materials" shall include plutonium, uranium 235, and such other materials as the Commission may from time to time determine to be capable of releasing substantial quantities of energy through nuclear fission of the materials. 
(2) Privately Owned Fissionable Materials. Any person owning any right, title, or interest in or to any fissionable material shall forthwith transfer all such right, title, or interest to the Commission. 
(3) Prohibition. It shall be unlawful for any person to (a) own any fissionable material; or (b) after sixty days after the effective date of this Act and except as authorized by the Commission possess any fissionable material; or (c) export from or import into the United States any fissionable material, or directly or indirectly be a party to or in any way a beneficiary of, any contract, arrangement or other activity pertaining to the production, refining, or processing of any fissionable material outside of the United States. 
(4) Distribution of Fissionable Materials. The Commission is autho-rized and directed to distribute fissionable materials to all applicants requesting such materials for the conduct of research or developmental activities either independently or under contract or other arrangement with the Commission. If sufficient materials are not available to meet all such requests, and applications for licenses under section 7, the Commission shall allocate fissionable materials among all such applicants in the manner best calculated to encourage independent research and development by making adequate fissionable materials available for such purposes. The Commission shall refuse to distribute or allocate any materials to any applicant, or shall recall any materials after distribution or allocation from any applicant, who is not equipped or who fails to observe such safety standards to protect health and to minimize danger from explosion as may be established by the Commission.

(b) Source Materials. 
(1) Definition. The term "source materials" shall include any ore con-taining uranium, thorium, or beryllium, and such other materials peculiarly essential to the production of fissionable materials as may be determined by the Commission with the approval of the President. 
(2) License for Transfers Required.  No person may transfer possession or title to any source material after mining, extraction, or removal from its place of origin, and no person may receive any source material without a license from the Commission. 
(3) Issuance of Licenses.  Any person desiring to transfer or receive pos-session of any source material shall apply for a license therefor in accordance with such procedures as the Commission may by regulation establish. The Commission shall establish such standards for the issuance or refusal of licenses as it may deem necessary to assure adequate source materials for 
production, research or developmental activities pursuant to this Act or to prevent the use of such materials in a manner inconsistent with the national welfare. 
(4) Reporting. The Commission is authorized to issue such regulations or orders requiring reports of ownership, possession, extraction, refining, shipment or other handling of source materials as it may deem necessary.

(c) Byproduct Materials 
(1) Definition.  The term "byproduct material" shall be deemed to refer to all materials (except fissionable material) yielded in the processes of producing fissionable material.
(2) Distribution.  The Commission is authorized and directed to distribute, with or without charge, byproduct materials to all applicants seeking such materials for research or developmental work, medical therapy, industrial uses, or such other useful applications as may be developed. if sufficient materials to meet all such requests are not available, the Commission shall allocate such materials among applicants therefor, giving preference to the use of such materials in the conduct of research and developmental activity and medical therapy. The Commission shall refuse to distribute or allocate any byproduct materials to any applicant, or recall any materials after distribution or allocation from any applicant, who is not equipped or who fails to observe such safety standards to protect health as may be established by the Commission.

(d) General Provisions. (1) The Commission is authorized to
(i) acquire or purchase fissionable or source materials within the United States or elsewhere; 
(ii) take, requisition, or condemn within the United States any fissionable or source material and make just compensation therefore. The Commission shall determine such compensation. In the exercise of such rights of eminent domain and condemnation, proceedings may be instituted under the Act of August 1, 1888 (U. S. C. 1940, title 40, sec. 257), or any other applicable Federal statute. Upon or after the filing of the condemnation petition, immediate possession may be taken and the property may be treated by the Commission in the same manner as other similar property owned by it; 
(iii) conduct exploratory operation, investigations, inspections to determine the location, extent, mode of occurrence, use, or condition of source materials with or without the consent of the owner of any interest therein, making just compensation for any damage or injury occasioned thereby.

(2) The Commission shall establish by regulation a procedure by which any person who is dissatisfied with its action in allocating, refusing to allocate 
or in rescinding any allocation of fissionable, source, or byproduct materials to him may obtain a review of such determination by a board of appeal con-sisting of two or more members appointed by the Commission and at least one member of the Commission.

See. 6. (a) The Commission is authorized and directed to 
(1) conduct experiments and do research and developmental work in the military application of atomic power; and 
(2) have custody of all assembled or unassembled atomic bombs, bomb parts, or other atomic military weapons, presently or hereafter produced, except that upon the express finding of the President that such action is required in the interests of national defense, the Commission shall deliver such quantities of weapons to the armed forces as the President may specify. 
(b) The Commission shall not conduct any research or developmental work in the military application of atomic power if such research or developmental work is contrary to any international agreement of the United States. 
(e) The Commission is authorized to engage in the production of atomic bombs, bomb parts, or other applications of atomic power as military weapons, only to the extent that the express consent and direction of the President of the United States has been obtained, which consent and direction shall be obtained for each quarter.
(d) It shall be unlawful for any person to manufacture, produce, or process any device or equipment designed to utilize fissionable materials as a military weapon, except as authorized by the Commission.

Sec. 7. (a) License Required.-It shall be unlawful for any person to operate any equipment or device utilizing fissionable materials without a license issued by the Commission authorizing such operation. 
Issuance of Licenses.-Any person desiring to utilize fissionable materials in any such device or equipment shall apply for a license therefor in accordance with such procedures as the Commission may by regulation establish. The Commission is authorized and directed to issue such a license on a nonexclusive basis and to supply appropriate quantities of fissionable materials to the extent available to any applicant (1) who is equipped to observe such safety standards to protect health and to minimize danger from explosion as the Commission may establish; and (2) who agrees to make available to the Commission such technical information and data concerning the operation of such device as the Commission may determine necessary to encourage the use of such devices by as many licensees as possible. Where any license might serve to maintain or foster the growth of monopoly, restraint of trade, unlawful competition, or other trade position inimical to the entry of new, freely competitive enterprises, the Commission is authorized and directed to refuse to issue such license or to establish such conditions to prevent these results as the Commission, in consultation with the Attorney General, may determine. The Commission shall report promptly to the At-torney General any information it may have of the use of such devices which appears to have these results. No license may be given to a foreign govern-ment or to any person who is not under and within the jurisdiction of the United States. 
(c) Byproduct Power. If in the production of fissionable materials the production processes yield energy capable of utilization, such energy may be used by the Commission, transferred to other Government agencies, sold to public or private utilities under contract providing for reasonable resale prices, or sold to private consumers at reasonable rates and on as broad a basis of eligibility as the Commission may determine to be possible. 
(d) Reports to Congress.  Whenever in its opinion industrial, commer-cial, or other uses of fissionable materials have been sufficiently developed to be of practical value, the Commission shall prepare a report to the Con-gress stating all the facts, the Commission's estimate of the social, political, and economic effects of such utilization, and the Commission's recommen-dations for necessary or desirable supplemental legislation. Until such a re-port has been filed with the Commission and the period of ninety days has elapsed after such filing within which period the Commission may adopt supplemental legislation, no license for the use of atomic energy devices shall be issued by the Commission.

See. 6. (a) The Commission is authorized and directed to 
(1) conduct experiments and do research and developmental work in the military application of atomic power; and 
(2) have custody of all assembled or unassembled atomic bombs, bomb parts, or other atomic military weapons, presently or hereafter produced, except that upon the express finding of the President that such action is required in the interests of national defense, the Commission shall deliver such quantities of weapons to the armed forces as the President may specify. 
(b) The Commission shall not conduct any research or developmental work in the military application of atomic power if such research or developmental work is contrary to any international agreement of the United States. 
(e) The Commission is authorized to engage in the production of atomic bombs, bomb parts, or other applications of atomic power as military weapons, only to the extent that the express consent and direction of the President of the United States has been obtained, which consent and direction shall be obtained for each quarter. 
(d) It shall be unlawful for any person to manufacture, produce, or process any device or equipment designed to utilize fissionable materials as a military weapon, except as authorized by the Commission.

Sec. 7. (a) License Required.-It shall be unlawful for any person to operate any equipment or device utilizing fissionable materials without a license issued by the Commission authorizing such operation. 
Issuance of Licenses.-Any person desiring to utilize fissionable materials in any such device or equipment shall apply for a license therefor in accordance with such procedures as the Commission may by regulation establish. The Commission is authorized and directed to issue such a license on a nonexclusive basis and to supply appropriate quantities of fissionable materials to the extent available to any applicant (1) who is equipped to observe such safety standards to protect health and to minimize danger from explosion as the Commission may establish; and (2) who agrees to make available to the Commission such technical information and data concerning the operation of such device as the Commission may determine necessary to encourage the use of such devices by as many licensees as possible. Where any license might serve to maintain or foster the growth of monopoly, restraint of trade, unlawful competition, or other trade position inimical to the entry of new, freely competitive enterprises, the Commission is authorized and directed to refuse to issue such license or to establish such conditions to prevent these results as the Commission, in consultation with the Attorney General, may determine. The Commission shall report promptly to the At-torney General any information it may have of the use of such devices which appears to have these results. No license may be given to a foreign govern-ment or to any person who is not under and within the jurisdiction of the United States. 
(c) Byproduct Power. If in the production of fissionable materials the production processes yield energy capable of utilization, such energy may be used by the Commission, transferred to other Government agencies, sold to public or private utilities under contract providing for reasonable resale prices, or sold to private consumers at reasonable rates and on as broad a basis of eligibility as the Commission may determine to be possible. 
(d) Reports to Congress.  Whenever in its opinion industrial, commer-cial, or other uses of fissionable materials have been sufficiently developed to be of practical value, the Commission shall prepare a report to the Con-gress stating all the facts, the Commission's estimate of the social, political, and economic effects of such utilization, and the Commission's recommen-dations for necessary or desirable supplemental legislation. Until such a re-port has been filed with the Commission and the period of ninety days has elapsed after such filing within which period the Commission may adopt supplemental legislation, no license for the use of atomic energy devices shall be issued by the Commission.

Sec. 8. (a) The President shall direct the transfer to the Commission of the following property owned by the United States or any of its agencies, or any interest in such property held in trust for or on behalf of the United States: 
(1) All fissionable materials; all bombs and bomb parts; all plants, facili-ties, equipment, and materials for the processing or production of fissionable 
materials, bombs, and bomb parts; all processes and technical information of any kind, and the source thereof (including data, drawings, specifications, patents, patent applications, and other sources, relating to the refining or production of fissionable materials; and all contracts, agreements, leases, patents, applications for patents, inventions and discoveries (whether pat-ented or unpatented), and other rights of any kind concerning any such items; 
(2) All facilities and equipment, and materials therein, devoted primarily to atomic energy research and development; and 
(3) All property in the custody and control of the Manhattan engineer district. 
(b) In order to render financial assistance to those States and local gov-ernments in which the activities of the Commission are carried on and in which the Commission, or its agents, have acquired properties previously subject to State and local taxation, the Commission is authorized to make payments to State and local governments in lieu of such taxes. Such pay-ments may be in the amounts, at the times, and upon the terms the Commission deems appropriate, but the Commission shall be guided by the policy of not exceeding the taxes which would have been payable for such property in the condition in which it was acquired, except where special burdens have been cast upon the State or local government by activities of the Commission, the Manhattan engineer district, or their agents, and in such cases any benefits accruing to the States and local governments by reason of these activities shall be considered in the determination of such pay-ments. The Commission and any corporation created by it, and the property and income of the Commission or of such corporation, are hereby expressly exempted from taxation in any manner or form by any State, county, municipality, or any subdivision thereof.

See. 9. (a) Basic Scientific Information.  Basic scientific information in the fields specified in section 3 may be freely disseminated. The term "basic scientific information" shall include, in addition to theoretical knowledge of nuclear and other physics, chemistry, biology, and therapy, all results ca-pable of accomplishment, as distinguished from the processes or techniques of accomplishing them. 
(b) Related Technical Information.  The Commission shall establish a Board of Commission. The Board shall, under 
the direction and supervision of the Commission, provide for the dissemination of related technical information with the utmost liberality as freely as may be consistent with the foreign and domestic policies established by the President and shall have authority to

(1) establish such information services, publications, libraries, and other registers of available information as may be helpful in effectuating this policy; 
(2) designate by regulation the types of related technical information the dissemination of which will effectuate the foregoing policy. Such designations shall constitute an administrative determination that such information is not of value to the national defense and that any person is entitled to receive such information, within the meaning of the Espionage Act. Failure to make any such designation shall not, however, be deemed a determination that such undesignated information is subject to the provisions of said Act; 
(3) by regulation or order, require reports of the conduct of independent research or development activities in the fields specified in sec-tion 3 and of the operation of atomic energy devices under licenses issued pursuant to section 7; 
(4) provide for such inspections of independent research and devel-opment activities of the types specified in section 3 and of the operation of atomic energy devices as the Commission or the Board may deter-mine; and 
(5) whenever it will facilitate the carrying out of the purposes of the Act, adopt by regulation administrative interpretations of the Espionage Act except that any such interpretation shall, before adoption, receive the express approval of the President.

See. 10. (a) Whenever any person invents a device or method for the production, refining, or processing of fissionable material: (i) he may file a patent application to cover such invention, sending a copy thereof to the Commission; (ii) if the Commissioner of Patents determines that the inven-tion is patentable, he shall issue a patent in the name of the Commission; and (iii) the Commission shall make just compensation to such person. The Commission shall appoint a Patent Royalty Board consisting of one or more employees and at least one member of the Commission, and the Commis-sioner of Patents. The Patent Royalty Board shall determine what constitutes just compensation in each such case and whether such compensation is to be 
paid in periodic payments rather than in a lump sum. Any person to whom any such patent has heretofore been issued shall forthwith transfer all right, title, and interest in and to such patent to the Commission and shall receive therefor just compensation as provided above. 
(b) (1) Any patent now or hereafter issued covering any process or device utilizing or peculiarly necessary to the utilization of fissionable materials, or peculiarly necessary to the conduct of research or developmental activities in the fields specified in section 3, is hereby declared to be affected with the public interest and its general availability for such uses is declared to be necessary to affectuate the purposes of this Act. 
(2) Any person to whom any such patent has been issued, or any person desiring to use any device or process covered by such patent for such uses, may apply to the Patent Royalty Board, for determination by such Board of a reasonable royalty fee for such use of the patented process or device in-tended to be used under the Commission's license. 
(3) In determining such reasonable royalty fee, the Patent Royalty Board shall take into consideration any defense, general or special, that might be pleaded by a defendant in an action for infringement, the extent to which, if any, such patent was developed through federally financed research, the degree of utility, novelty, and importance of the patent, the cost to the pat-entee of developing such process or device, and a reasonable rate of return on such research investment by the patentee. 
(4) No court, Federal, State, or Territorial, shall have jurisdiction or power to stay, restrain, or otherwise enjoin any such use of any such pat-ented device or process by any person on the ground of infringement of such patent. In any action for infringement of any such patent filed in any such court, the court shall have authority only to order the payment of reasonable royalty fees and attorney's fees and court costs as damages for any such in-fringement. If the Patent Royalty Board has not previously determined the reasonable royalty fee for the use of the patented device or process involved in any case, the court in such case shall, before entering judgment, obtain from the Patent Royalty Board a report containing its recommendation as to the reasonable royalty fee it would have established had application been made to it as provided in subparagraphs 2 and 3 above.

ORGANIZATIONAL AND GENERAL AUTHORITY

 See. 11. (a) Organization. There are hereby established within the Commission a Division of Research, a Division of Production, a Division of Materials, and a Division of Military Application. Each division shall be under the direction of a Directory who shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, and shall receive compen-sation at the rate of $15,000 per annum. The Commission shall delegate to each such division such of its powers under this Act as in its opinion from time to time will promote the effectuation of the purposes of this Act in an efficient manner. Nothing in this paragraph shall prevent the Commission from establishing such additional divisions or other subordinate organiza-tions as it may deem desirable. 
(b) General Authority.-In the performance of its functions the Commis-sion is authorized to-

(1) establish advisory boards to advise with and make recommen-dations to the Commission on legislation, policies, administration, and research; 
(2) establish by regulation or order such standards and instructions to govern the possession and use of fissionable and byproduct materials as the Commission may deem necessary or desirable to protect health or to minimize danger from explosion; 
(3) make such studies and investigations, obtain such information, and hold such hearings as the Commission may deem necessary or proper to assist it in exercising any authority provided in this Act, or in the admin-istration or enforcement of this Act, or any regulations or orders issued thereunder. For such purposes the Commission is authorized to require any person to permit the inspection and copying of any records or other documents, to administer oaths and affirmations, and by subpena to re-quire any person to appear and testify, or to appear and produce docu-ments, or both, at any designated place. Witnesses subpenaed under this subsection shall be paid the same fees and mileage as are paid witnesses in the district courts of the United States; 
(4) create or organize corporations, the stock of which shall be wholly owned by the United States and controlled by the Commission, to carry out the provisions of this Act; 
(5) appoint and fix the compensation of such officers and employees as may be necessary to carry out the functions of the Commission. All such officers and employees shall be appointed in accordance with the civil service laws and their compensation fixed in accordance with the Clas-sification Act of 1923, as amended, except that expert administrative, technical, and professional personnel may be employed and their com-pensation fixed without regard to such laws. The Commission shall make adequate provision for administrative review by a board consisting of one or  more employees and at least one member of the Commission of any determination to dismiss any scientific or professional employee; and 
(6) acquire such materials, property, equipment, and facilities, estab-lish or construct such buildings and facilities, modify such building and facilities from time to time, and construct, acquire, provide, or arrange for such facilities and services for the housing, health, safety, welfare, and recreation of personnel employed by the Commission as it may deem necessary.

ENFORCEMENT

See. 12. (a) Any person who willfully violates, attempts to violate, or con-spires to violate, any of the provisions of this Act or any regulations or orders issued thereunder shall, upon conviction thereof, be punishable by a fine of not more than $10,000, or by imprisonment for a term of not exceeding five years, or both. 
(b) Whenever in the judgment of the commission any person has engaged or is about to engage in any acts or practices which constitute or will consti-tute a violation of any provision of this Act, it may make application to the appropriate court for an order enjoining such acts or practices, or for an order enforcing compliance with such provision, and upon a showing by the Commission that such person has engaged or is about to engage in any such acts or practices a permanent or temporary injunction, restraining order, or other order shall be granted without bond. 
(c) In case of contumacy by, or refusal to obey a subpena served upon, any person pursuant to section 11 (b) (3), the district court for any district in which such person is found or resides or transacts business, upon application by the Commission, shall have jurisdiction to issue an order requiring such person to appear and give testimony or to appear and produce documents, or both; and any failure to obey such order of the court may be punished by such court as a contempt thereof.

REPORTS

Sec. 13. The Commission shall, on the first days of January, April, July, and October, submit reports to the President, to the Senate and to the House of Representatives. Such reports shall summarize and appraise the ac-tivities of the Commission and of each division and board thereof, and specifically shall contain financial statements; lists of licenses issued, of property acquired, of research contracts and arrangements entered into, and of the amounts of fissionable material and the persons to whom allocated; the Com-mission's program for the following quarter including lists of research con-tracts and arrangements proposed to be entered into; conclusions drawn from studies of the social, political, and economic effects of the release of atomic energy; and such recommendations for additional legislation as the Commission may deem necessary or desirable.

DEFINITIONS

See. 14. As used in this Act- 
(a) The term "atomic energy" shall include all forms of energy liberated in the artificial transmutation of atomic species. 
(b) The term "Government agency" means any executive department, board, bureau, commission, or other agency in the executive branch of the Federal Government, or any corporation wholly owned (either directly or through one or more corporations) by the United States. 
(c) The term "person" means any individual, corporation, partnership, firm, association, trust, estate, public or private institution, group, any gov-ernment other than the United States, any political subdivision of any such government, and any legal successor, representative, agent, or agency of the foregoing, or other entity. 
(d) The term "United States" includes all Territories and possessions of the United States.

APPROPRIATIONS

Sec. 15. There are hereby authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary and appropriate to carry out the provisions and purposes of this Act. Funds appropriated to the Commission shall, if obligated during the fiscal year for which appropriated, remain available for expenditure for four years following the expiration of the fiscal year for which appropriated. After such four-year period, the unexpended balances of appropriations shall be carried to the surplus fund and covered into the Treasury.

SEPARABILITY OF PROVISIONS

Sec. 16. If any provision of this Act, or the application of such provision to any person or circumstances, is held invalid, the remainder of this Act or the application of such provision to persons of circumstances other than those to which it is held invalid, shall not be affected thereby.